All high-yielding varieties of wheat, maize and rice have the same sd1 gene (Gale and Devos, 1998 Ashikari et al., 2002 Sakamoto et al., 2004 Matsuoka, 2004). Norin 10 was the first crop variety in which the characteristics of the semi-dwarf gene, sd1, were identified. This research was the start of the dramatically successful green revolution and the start of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research centers in the 1960s and 1970s (Senda, 1996 Evenson and Gollin, 2003 Hesser, 2006 Hardin, 2008 Renkow and Byerlee 2010). By 1957, he had bred and released 14 high-yielding varieties using Norin 10. In 1953, the variety was transferred to Dr Norman Borlaug at Chapingo, Mexico. In 1948, Norin 10 was collected by scientists who accompanied US occupying forces in Japan. Introduction In 1935, Dr Gonjiro Inazuka, a breeder at Iwate Prefectural experimental station, Japan, successfully bred Norin 10 wheat varietiy. 'sawah approach', in various inland valley ecosystems in Ghana and Nigeria. After long-term basic and large-scale action-research during 1986–2010, we were able to establish basic technology for 'site-specific irrigated sawah systems developed and managed by farmers' through self-support efforts, i.e. Therefore, careful site-specific sawah development and management technologies need to be investigated. However, African lowlands are quite diverse and differ from Asian lowlands. The lowland sawah system development potential is at least 20 million ha in SSA. ![]() With the application of advanced agronomic practices, such as the System of Rice Intensification, sustainable paddy yields above 10 t/ha can be achieved in lowlands with quality sawah, and soil and water management. Lowland sawah systems can sustain paddy yields higher than 4 t/ha through various macro-scale natural geological fertilization processes (from upland to lowland) and micro-scale mechanisms to enhance the supply of various nutrients. Since sawah eco-technolgy can improve fertilizer and irrigation efficiency, improved varieties could lead to the realization of a green revolution. The term of 'sawah' is of Indonesian origin, and refers to a leveled, bunded and puddled rice field with water inlets and outlets to improve water control and thus soil productivity. Sawah eco-technology is one such key technology for African rice farmers. Compared to biotechnological research for technology development and dissemination, eco-technology has been largely neglected in SSA since the late 1960s. Sustainable agricultural productivity is increased by balanced application of both varietal improvement through biotechnology and improvements in the rice ecological environment through eco-technology. However, a green revolution has yet to be realized in SSA. Since the dramatic success of the green revolution in tropical Asia in the 1960s and 1970s, similar variety-oriented research for has been intensively and extensively conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
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